Foundational stigma: Place-based stigma in the age before advanced marginality.

This paper joins the debate on the formation of territorial stigma by uncovering the existence of a form of "foundational stigma" that preceded place-based stigma of the era of advanced marginality. I show that not only were the traces of stigma present prior to the era of advanced marginality but that these early traces facilitate later forms of stigma by providing the necessary foundations upon which adhesive and detrimental stigma was operationalized. Following a critical discourse analysis approach, this paper examines coverage in the British press of Toxteth, Liverpool between 1900 and 1981 as a paradigmatic case study to show that this primitive stigma existed in three key ways: relating to inter-community strife, to crime, and to substandard housing conditions. These traces of stigma laid the foundations for later forms of stigma based on the presence of the poor, violent, deviant other that would be operationalized by dominant voices during the era of advanced marginality.

"Let's get in formation": On becoming a psychologist-activist in the 21st century.

Throughout the history of the United States, there have been many social movements that have resulted in an array of historic societal outcomes-ranging from the end of racial segregation to women's voting rights to the legalization of same-sex marriages. Despite the positive outcomes derived from political activism, many psychologists have struggled with how to advocate for social justice while maintaining their professional responsibilities and ethical boundaries. The current article reviews the historical ways that psychologists have participated in political movements-from the use of psychological research in landmark U.S. Supreme Court cases to psychologist-led pushes for policy changes in psychology, medicine, and other mental health related fields. Next, a critical review provides some of the major controversies or dilemmas regarding psychology, social justice, and political participation-including (a) ethical concerns and professional boundaries, (b) the utility of political neutrality in psychology, (c) psychologists' balance and self-care, (d) psychologists' lack of advocacy training, and (e) beliefs concerning the role of social justice advocacy in psychology. Finally, the article concludes with a discussion of the concept "psychologist-activist"-highlighting the many ways that psychologists across various subfields and institutions can combat oppression on individual, interpersonal, group, and institutional levels. (PsycINFO Database Record

Análise arquegenealógica de mecanismos de segregação e exclusão no Cariri cearense / Archigenealogical analysis of segregation and exclusion mechanisms in Cariri metropolitan area, Ceará, Brazil / Análisis arquegenealógica de mecanismos de segregación y exclusión en el Cariri cearense

O presente artigo consiste na descrição e análise de três episódios ocorridos durante o século XX relacionados ao governo e gestão dos corpos de pessoas pobres do Cariri cearense. O campo de concentração do Buriti, o Caldeirão da Santa Cruz do Deserto e um hospital psiquiátrico são objetos da análise das relações de poder e governamentalidade relacionadas às pessoas pobres, migrantes da seca e loucos. Para tanto, foram utilizados os elementos das análises arqueológicas e genealógicas presentes na obra de Michel Foucault, sobretudo, o conceito de biopoder como estratégia geral de governo. Ademais, foi utilizada a perspectiva multidimensional de pobreza, uma vez que esses mecanismos foram aplicados aos corpos de pessoas pobres sob a justificativa de preservação e manutenção da vida de outras. Nosso objetivo é mostrar a importância do aprofundamento crítico-reflexivo no que diz respeito aos contextos nos quais os discursos e as práticas de exclusão social se inscrevem.

The present study is the description and analysis of three episodes that occurred during the twentieth century in the region of Cariri, Ceará State, Brazil: the Buriti concentration camp, the community Caldeirão da Santa Cruz do Deserto and a psychiatric hospital. They are objects for the analysis of the power relations and governmentality related to the poor, drought migrants and the mad. To that end, elements and concepts from the work of Michel Foucault are used, especially the concept of biopower as a general governmental strategy. In addition, the multidimensional perspective of poverty was used, since these mechanisms were applied to the bodies of poor people, justified by the preservation and maintenance of others' lives. This work aims to describe and analyze three events of the early twentieth century, relating them to the strategies of governance, control and power over the bodies of poor people. We highlight the importance of critical and reflexive apprehension in relation to the contexts in whichdiscourses and practices of exclusion are inscribed.

Este artículo es la descripción y el análisis de tres episodios que se produjeron durante el siglo XX en relación con los órganos de gobierno y de gestión de las personas pobres de Ceará Cariri. El campo de concentración de Buriti, el Caldeirão da Santa Cruz do Deserto y un hospital psiquiátrico son el análisis de los objetos de las relaciones de poder y la gobernabilidad relacionados con los pobres, los migrantes sequías y loco. Por lo tanto, se utilizaron los elementos de análisis arqueológico y genealógico presente en la obra de Michel Foucault, especialmente el concepto de biopoder como estrategia general del gobierno. Además, se utiliza la perspectiva multidimensional de la pobreza, ya que estos mecanismos se aplicaron a los cuerpos de las personas pobres en los terrenos de la preservación y el mantenimiento de la vida de los demás. Nuestro objetivo es mostrar la importancia de la profundización crítica y reflexiva en relación con los contextos en los que los discursos y las prácticas de exclusión socialcaen.

A Síndrome da Exclusão Social: compreensão das origens da violência/ contraviolência no Brasil / The social exclusion syndrome: comprehension of the violence/counter-violence origins in Brazil

A indiferença humana no Brasil desde o início da colonização tem produzido e perpetuado o fenômeno da exclusão social. Um exemplo é a escravidão que durou cerca de 350 anos. Esse fenômeno excludente materializa-se ao produzir uma diversidade de fatores de risco biopsicossociais impactantes desde a gestação e em todos os períodos do ciclo de vida, acumulando e deixando sequelas profundas. Na década de 80 ocorreu interação sinérgica perversa entre o fenômeno da exclusão social e a entrada das drogas no nosso meio. A criança maior, o adolescente e o adulto jovem, muitas vezes socialmente vulneráveis, encontraram nas drogas duas possibilidades: a primeira, usar e abusar de drogas por várias razões, entre elas, baixa autoestima, para aliviar ansiedade e depressão, raiva; devido a uma personalidade extrovertida, impulsividade e inclinação ao comportamento de risco. E a segunda possibilidade, "empoderadora", entrar para o tráfico como meio de subir na vida e também por razões subjetivas. Esses caminhos quase sempre resultam em dependência química, "overdose", hospitalizações, práticas de atos infracionais, prisões, mortes e homicídios. O estudo indica que primariamente ocorreu violência histórica contra esse contingente populacional e que, muitas vezes, essa violência desencadeia um fenômeno também complexo, a contraviolência. A abordagem da violência/contraviolência deve focar, simultaneamente, sua origem (cultura da indiferença) e as consequências (fatores de risco e impactos biopsicossociais).(AU)

The human indifference in Brazil since the beginning of colonization has produced and perpetuated the phenomenon of social exclusion. The example is the slavery, which lasted about 350 years. This exclusive phenomenon has materialized itself as it has produced a diversity of biopsychosocial risk factors, which has impacted the individuals in all their life cycle periods from the gestation, accumulating and leaving their effects. In the 80's there was a perverse synergic interaction between the phenomenon of social exclusion and the entrance of drugs in our environment. The older child, the teenager and the young adult, socially vulnerables, find in drugs two possibilities: first, use and abuse of drugs for many reasons such as low self-esteem, to alleviate depression, anxiety and anger; due to an outgoing personality, impulsivity and more inclined to take risks; second possibility, "empowering", entering the drug trade as a way of getting ahead in life and also for subjective reasons. These pathways often always result in addiction, "overdose", hospitalization, infraction acts practice and also, arrests, deaths and homicides. The study of these cases in our history context shows that we face a primary historical violence against a huge population group that often this violence triggers a complex phenomenon, the counter-violence. The approach of violence/counter-violence should focus, simultaneously, on both the origin (culture of indifference) and the consequences (risk factors and biopsychosocial impacts).(AU)

Avaliação de política em saúde mental sob o viés da alteridade radical / Mental health policy evaluation under the radical alterity viewpoint

Realizou-se pesquisa de tese em História Social, sob a vertente da História Oral, com o objetivo de avaliar a política de saúde mental do município de Quixadá, no período de 1993 a 2012. Foram selecionados quatro depoimentos de pessoal diretamente responsável pela construção da política, em sua primeira gestão: o prefeito, o supervisor de serviço, um auxiliar de Enfermagem e um médico. Os depoimentos foram analisados utilizando como referencial teórico a ética da alteridade radical. Consensualmente, os depoimentos apontavam para o entendimento de que, além de o paciente e sua família precisarem de cuidados, intervenções se faziam necessárias no sentido de apresentar a loucura à cidade, como forma de diminuir o preconceito. Sugere-se, a partir dos relatos dessa boa prática, a criação de um novo critério de avaliação dos serviços em saúde mental, qual seja, sua efetividade em gerar, na sociedade, novas formas de lidar com a diferença e com o outro...

We conducted thesis research in Social History, under the aspect of Oral History in order to assess the mental health policy of the city of Quixadá, Brazil, from 1993 to 2012. Testimonials from four directly responsible personnel were selected for the construction of politics in their first term: the mayor, the service supervisor, a nursing assistant and a physician. The interviews were analyzed using as a theoretical ethics of radical otherness. Consensually, the testimonies pointed to the understanding that, in addition to the patient and his family need care, interventions were necessary in order to present to the city madness as a way to reduce prejudice. It is suggested, based on the reports of this good practice, the creation of a new criterion for the evaluation of mental health services, namely, its effectiveness in generating, in society, new ways of dealing with difference and with each other...